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Operant Conditioning
Contingencies of Reinforcement & Punishment
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ADD |
REMOVE |
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Appetitive (pleasant) Stimulus |
Positive (+) Reinforcement
The behavior preceding the consequence is strengthened;
it is more likely to occur again. |
Punishment
(Referred to as negative punishment or response cost)
The behavior preceding the consequence is weakened; it
is less likely to occur again. |
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Aversive (unpleasant) Stimulus |
Punishment
(referred to as Positive punishment)
The behavior preceding the consequence is weakened; it
is less likely to occur again. |
Negative (-) Reinforcement
The behavior preceding the consequence is strengthened;
it is more likely to occur again. |
Types of Reinforcement and Punishment
Primary Reinforcer: Reinforcer
that is rewarding in and of itself (e.g., food, water, and sex).
Secondary Reinforcer: Reinforcer
whose value is LEARNED through association with primary reinforcers
(e.g., money, nice car, good grades, etc.).
Primary Punisher: Punishment
that is unpleasant in and of itself (e.g., physical pain or discomfort).
Secondary Punisher: Punishment
is LEARNED (e.g., poor grades, having a bad hair day, etc.).
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